Jamaica

2013 FINDINGS ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR

Jamaica

MODERATE ADVANCEMENT

In 2013, Jamaica made a moderate advancement in eﬀorts

to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. e Government

amended the traﬃcking law to include harsher penalties for

violators of child traﬃcking cases, the National Task Force Against

Traﬃcking in Persons (NTFATIP) supported many awareness

activities, and the Government conducted three small pilot surveys

on child labor. Jamaica also continued to participate in the Child

Labor Measurement and Policy Development (MAP) program

and the Tackling Child Labor through Education (TACKLE)

program, through which they published a Child Labor Handbook for Professionals. However, children in Jamaica are engaged in child

labor in street work and in the worst forms of child labor in commercial sexual exploitation. ere is no law prohibiting the procuring

or oﬀering of a child for illicit activities, including drug traﬃcking and production. e country lacks current nationwide comprehensive

statistics on child labor, and it has not enacted a draft Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act.

I. PREVALENCE AND SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHILD LABOR

Children in Jamaica are engaged in child labor in street work and in the worst forms of child labor in commercial

sexual exploitation.(1-4) Table 1 provides key indicators on children’s work and education in Jamaica.

Table 1. Statistics on Children’s Work and Education

Children Age Percent

Working (% and population) 5-14 yrs. 8.4 (48,336)

Attending School (%) 5-14 yrs. 98.6

Combining Work and School (%) 7-14 yrs. 9.5

Primary Completion Rate (%) 88.0

Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2004, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2014.(5)

Source for all other data: Understanding Children’s Work Project’s analysis of statistics from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 3, 2006.(6)

Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children’s work by sector and activity.

Table 2. Overview of Children’s Work by Sector and Activity

Sector/Industry Activity

Agriculture Activities unknown, garden work* (1-4, 7)

Industry Construction, activities unknown* (4)

Services

Garbage scavenging* (4, 8)

Work in shops and markets* (4)

Domestic service* (1, 4, 9)

Street work as beggars and vendors (1-4, 10)

Categorical Worst Forms

of Child Labor‡

Commercial sexual exploitation sometimes as a result of human tracking (1-4, 7, 10, 11)

Used in the production of pornography* (12-14)

Forced work in domestic service* and as vendors (1-4, 10)

Illicit activities, executing nancial scams, and serving as drug and gun couriers* (15-17)

* Evidence of this activity is limited and/or the extent of the problem is unknown.

‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a) – (c) of ILO C. 182.

While Jamaica lacks comprehensive statistics on child labor, in 2013 the Ministry of Labor and Social Security (MLSS)

conducted three small surveys on vulnerable children in the parishes of Clarendon, St. Catherine, and St. James.(18)

In Jamaica, traﬃcking victims are often young girls from low-income and single-parent homes.(11)

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR’S BUREAU OF INTERNATIONAL LABOR AFFAIRS

Jamaica

MODERATE ADVANCEMENT

Children are commercially sexually exploited in the island’s resort areas.(2, 4, 9) Children are known to be used as the

subjects of pornographic ﬁlms and, less commonly, live sex shows.(12) Limited evidence suggests that some Jamaican

police and government oﬃcials are complicit with hiring children to be a part of prostitution rings.(11)

II. LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR

Jamaica has ratiﬁed all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).

Table 3. Ratification of International Conventions on Child Labor

Convention Ratication

ILO C. 138, Minimum Age

ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor

UN CRC

UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conict

UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography

Palermo Protocol on Tracking in Persons

e Government has established relevant laws and regulations related to child labor, including its worst forms (Table 4).

Table 4. Laws and Regulations Related to Child Labor

Standard Yes/No Age Related Legislation

Minimum Age for Work Yes 15 Child Care and Protection Act of 2004 (19)

Minimum Age for Hazardous Work Yes 18 Child Care and Protection Act of 2004 (19)

List of Hazardous Occupations Prohibited

for Children

Yes Child Care and Protection Act of 2004; Quarries

Control (General) Regulation; Mining (Safety

and Health) Regulations; Factories Act: Building

Operations and Works of Engineering Construction

Regulations of 1968; Shipping Act; and Docks

(Safety Health and Welfare) Regulations of 1968

(20-22)

Prohibition of Forced Labor Yes Tracking in Persons (Prevention, Suppression and

Punishment) Act of 2007 (23)

Prohibition of Child Tracking Yes Child Care and Protection Act (2004) (24)

Prohibition of Commercial Sexual

Exploitation of Children

Yes Tracking in Persons (Prevention, Suppression

and Punishment) Act of 2007; Child Pornography

(Prevention) Act of 2009; Sexual Oences Act of

2009; Cyber Crimes Act of 2010 (10, 23, 25-31)

Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit

Activities

No Child Care and Protection Act (2004) (24)

Minimum Age for Compulsory Military

Recruitment

N/A*

Minimum Age for Voluntary Military Service Yes 17.5 Defense Act of 1962 (32, 33)

Compulsory Education Age Yes 18 Education Act of 1965 (3, 26)

Free Public Education Yes Jamaican Charter of Fundamental Rights and

Freedoms (26, 34)

* No conscription or no standing military.

e law establishes the minimum age for employment at 15, but allows children ages 13 to 14 to engage in light

work; however, the list of occupations considered light work has not been ﬁnalized by the Government. e draft

list includes hair braiding, clerical work, newspaper vending, supermarket packing, and engagement in household

chores.(19, 24, 35) While there is no general legislation prohibiting speciﬁc hazardous activities to children under 18,

the OSH Act, drafted in 2010 and currently under review by Parliament, would specify 45 hazardous occupations

Jamaica

MODERATE ADVANCEMENT

2013 FINDINGS ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR

prohibited for children under 18.(1, 29, 30, 35). e draft statute identiﬁes those to include, among others, ﬁshing

at sea, working on construction sites, participating in the production of pornography, and engaging in illicit activities

that involve weapons. If adopted, the OSH Act will increase current ﬁnes for employers who illegally utilize child

labor and will enable labor inspectors to access formerly prohibited workplace environments in the informal economic

sector.(1, 2, 35) Industry-speciﬁc statutes, such as the Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction

Regulations of 1968, the Shipping Act, and the Docks (Safety Health and Welfare) Regulations of 1968, identify

as hazardous occupations for children under the age of 18 the operation of cranes and other duties related to lifting

appliances in construction and in mining.(30)

Current legislation does not prohibit the use, procurement, or oﬀering of a child for illicit activities, such as for the

production and traﬃcking of drugs.(36) However, the Child Care and Prevention Act bans children from selling

alcohol or tobacco products.(24)

In 2013, the Government adopted amendments to the Traﬃcking in Persons (Prevention, Suppression and

Punishment) Act. e law identiﬁes “debt bondage” as a means by which a victim may be coerced, doubles the

maximum sentence for human traﬃcking from 10 years to 20 years, and mandates an additional 10-year sentence to

those convicted of an oﬀense in which “aggravating factors” are proven, such as the traﬃcking of minors by adults.(18)

e minimum age for voluntary military service in Jamaica is 17 years 6 months with parental consent. Children may

enlist at age 17 for training purposes only. Children under 18 can enlist with parental consent.(32, 33)

Although education is compulsory, in practice it is diﬃcult to enforce in the absence of an adequate number of

truancy oﬃcers and the ﬁnancial circumstances of some families that depend upon income from their children for

support.(37)

III. ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR

e Government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor,

including its worst forms (Table 5).

Table 5. Agencies Responsible for Child Labor Law Enforcement

Organization/Agency Role

MLSS, the Child Labor Unit

(CLU), and the Occupation

Safety and Health Department

(OSHD)

Enforce and administer child labor laws, including monitoring of violations under related laws. Has 15

inspectors and is planning to ll three more positions; OSHD has 30 inspectors who cover businesses

and sites in the formal economy.(1, 2, 18) Develop ow charts to facilitated multiple-agency responses.

Share information with all other agencies involved in child labor issues.(18)

Child Development Agency

(CDA)

Enforce child labor laws, monitor related violations, and oversee eorts to address the problem.(1, 2)

Oce of Children’s Advocate

(OCA)

Enforce and protect children’s rights, including maintaining records of complaints, conducting

investigations, providing legal services for children, and educating the public on oce’s services.(3, 38)

Jamaica Constabulary Force

(JCF)

Enforce criminal laws, including those related to the worst forms of child labor. Includes a Tracking

in Persons (TIP) Unit that investigates and prosecutes cases of child tracking and commercial sexual

exploitation.(2, 13, 39)

Centre for the Investigation

of Sexual Oences and Child

Abuse (CISOCA)

Investigate and prosecute sexual oences and child abuse. Work in victim rehabilitation and conduct

public education programs. Branch of the JCF.(40)

Law enforcement agencies in Jamaica took actions to combat child labor, including its worst forms.

Labor Law Enforcement

Between January and September of 2013, the Occupational Safety and Health Department carried out 1,015

inspections. For FY 2013, approximately $404,000 was allocated to the MLSS Occupation Safety and Health Unit.(18)

ere were no cases of child labor found, as inspections are only conducted in factories, building sites, docks, and

ships, where child labor is typically not found.(18, 36)

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR’S BUREAU OF INTERNATIONAL LABOR AFFAIRS

Jamaica

MODERATE ADVANCEMENT

Authorities removed 130 children from child labor situations; however, there is no information available to identify

the sectors in which these children were found working.(10)

ere was no information available on how many inspections the MLSS carried out during the reporting period.

Criminal Law Enforcement

From 2012-2013, the TIP unit conducted 213 raids, an increase from 32 raids during 2011–2012. Two arrests

were made for child traﬃcking during the reporting period.(41) e Ministry of National Security provided the

JCF TIP Unit with $29,826 in equipment and a vehicle for purposes of investigations and outreach work.(41)

IV. COORDINATION OF GOVERNMENT EFFORTS ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR

e Government has established mechanisms to coordinate its eﬀorts to address child labor, including its worst

forms (Table 6).

Table 6. Mechanisms to Coordinate Government Efforts on Child Labor

Coordinating Body Role & Description

MLSS Program for the Elimination

of Child Labor

Coordinate the enforcement of child labor laws. Employs 15 labor inspectors and 30 general

inspectors who are trained to investigate a range of violations, including child labor violations.(3)

National Task Force Against

Tracking in Persons (NTFATIP)

(led by the Ministry of Justice)

Facilitate information exchanges between government agencies and external stakeholders, as

well as creating momentum for counter tracking eorts. Oversee the implementation of the

country’s National Action Plan to Combat Human Tracking.(30, 39) Includes representatives from

the Ministries of National Security and Foreign Aairs, the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF) and

the Department of the Public Prosecutor, as well as representatives from the Ministries of Health,

Education, Labor and Youth and Culture.(2, 3) Meets regularly with the JCF, Director of Public

Prosecutions (DPP), and other ministries.(18) Held a four-day training seminar in January 2014.(42)

Oce of Children’s Registry (OCR) Receive complaints about child abuse, including criminal violations of child labor laws.(3, 38)

From April 2012 to March 2013, the NTFATIP supported many traﬃcking awareness activities, including

distribution of 15,000 TIP wallet cards to oﬃcials, and conducting workshops, conferences, and radio broadcasts.(41)

Research did not uncover any information on other eﬀorts during the reporting period, nor is there information

available on OCR registry reports received during 2013.(3, 43)

V. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR

e Government of Jamaica has established policies related to child labor, including its worst forms (Table 7).

Table 7. Policies Related to Child Labor

Policy Description

Compulsory Education Policy* Ensures that all children between the ages of 3 and 18 have access to a learning institution or

vocational training program. Includes the Career Advancement Program, which provides 16- to

18-year-olds with two additional years of schooling upon completion of the eleventh grade.(44)

National Action Plan to Combat

Human Tracking

Targets law enforcement ocials to address the commercial sexual exploitation of children,

conducts public awareness campaigns, and implements outreach programs.(41)

National Plan of Action on Child

Labor

Aims to strengthen current legislative frameworks to address all forms of child labor, specically

focusing on children engaged in domestic service, prostitution, forced labor, and hazardous work

within the agricultural and shing industries. Identies four primary objectives: to collect current

and reliable data on child labor, to establish public awareness and sensitize the Jamaican people

to the problem, to improve the Labor Ministry’s personnel capacity to be able to identify child

laborers, and to work with trade unions, as well as the Jamaican Employers’ Federation, to raise

awareness among employees.(2, 17, 45)

* The impact of this policy on child labor does not appear to have been studied.

e Government established no new plans during the reporting period. e Government has drafted a National Policy

on Child Labor in an eﬀort to implement the National Plan of Action on Child Labor and address some of the current

challenges, but it continues to be under review.(26, 30) Implementation of the current National Plan of Action of

Jamaica

MODERATE ADVANCEMENT

2013 FINDINGS ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR

Child Labor has faced diﬃculties, including the lack of adequate resources, recent statistical data, and an institutional

tracking system.(17, 37)

e Government has drafted a new Plan of Action to Combat Human Traﬃcking in Persons (2012–2015) in an

eﬀort to strengthen current priority areas and ensure that shelters are available to victims. e new Plan has not been

adopted.(30, 46)

In November, the Government participated in the XVIII Inter-American Conference of Ministers of Labor to foster

continued dialogue and cooperation on labor issues throughout the Americas. e joint declaration of the Conference

promotes social dialogue to address child labor and reaﬃrms country participants’ commitment to work with civil

society organizations to advance eﬀorts toward the eradication of child labor.(47)

VI. SOCIAL PROGRAMS TO ADDRESS THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR

In 2013, the Government of Jamaica funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or

preventing child labor, including its worst forms (Table 8).

Table 8. Social Programs to Address Child Labor

Program Description

Tackling Child Labor

through Education

(TACKLE) project

Jointly launched by the European Commission and the ILO to combat child labor through education in 12

African and the Caribbean countries and the Pacic group of states (ACP).(48) Government worked closely

with NGOs RISE and Children First to provide direct support to children engaging and at risk of engaging in

child labor activities.(49, 50) In 2013, Children First withdrew 130 children from child labor and benetted 670

children through its prevention work.(51) TACKLE project introduced the Red Card to Combat Child Labor

at the Jamaica vs. Panama World Cup qualifying match in 2013.(52) Created a handbook on “Child Labor for

Professionals,” which was published in 2013.(51, 53) Baseline survey data has already been used to synchronize

current laws and policies, improve enforcement, and was utilized in the drafting of the National Child Labor

Policy.(51)

Program for

Advancement through

Health and Education

(PATH)‡

Government conditional cash transfer program to reduce child labor by requiring participants to attend school

at least 85 percent of the academic days within a month.(54-56) Recent evaluations of the PATH program reveal

that children at the primary and secondary level are not likely to reach that target.(56)

Hotline‡ Government-run hotline that receives reports of child abuse, including cases that involve the worst forms of

child labor and tracking.(1, 2). It is unknown how many reports were related to child labor.

Child Labor

Measurement and Policy

Development (MAP)†

USDOL-funded research project implemented by the ILO in 10 countries, including Jamaica, to increase the

knowledge base around child labor by collecting new data, analyzing existing data, and building capacity to

conduct research in this area.(57) Received technical assistance in 2013 from the ILO’s Global Research on Child

Labor Measurement and Policy Development project to conduct a Child Labor Survey in 2014.(58)

Shelters for female

tracking victims‡

Government shelters to aid female tracking victims.(2, 26, 29, 41)

Child Protection

Database*‡

Government-run database that provides the public with data on the issues aecting the children of

Jamaica. (30)

Child Labor Handbook

for Professionals†

ILO-IPEC 42-page handbook provides professionals with a background on international standards on child

labor, Jamaican child labor laws, and services to take action and address child labor situations. (53)

* The impact of this program on child labor does not appear to have been studied.

† Program was launched during the reporting period.

‡ Program is funded by the Government of Jamaica.

Although Jamaica has programs that target child labor, the scope of these programs is insuﬃcient to fully address the

extent of the problem.

VII. SUGGESTED GOVERNMENT ACTIONS TO ELIMINATE THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR

Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identiﬁed that would advance the elimination of child labor,

including its worst forms, in Jamaica (Table 9).

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR’S BUREAU OF INTERNATIONAL LABOR AFFAIRS

Jamaica

MODERATE ADVANCEMENT

Table 9. Suggested Government Actions to Eliminate Child Labor, Including its Worst Forms

Area Suggested Action Year(s) Suggested

Laws Enact the new Occupational Safety and Health Act, including the list of hazardous

occupations prohibited to children under age 18.

2009 – 2013

Adopt legislation to prohibit procuring or oering a child for illicit activities, including

drug tracking and production.

2009 – 2013

Government Policies Adopt the new Plan of Action to Combat Human Tracking in Persons. 2010 – 2013

Assess the adequacy of resources allocated for eective implementation of the

objectives of the National Plan of Action on Child Labor and specically explore ways

to implement a system to track child laborers after they have been identied and/or

removed from child labor

2010 – 2013

Ensure that sucient enforcement authorities, such as truancy ocers, are hired to

enforce the compulsory schooling policy.

2012 – 2013

Social Programs Utilize the government established shelter for tracked victims and provide sucient

resources so that it can continue to be operational.

2011 – 2013

Conduct research to determine the activities carried out by children working, especially

for children working in agriculture.

2013

Expand programs that assist children in the worst forms of child labor and develop

programs to aid children in domestic labor and street work.

2010 – 2013

Disaggregate the number of complaints made to the hotline that relate to child labor. 2013

REFERENCES

1. International Trade Union Confederation. Internationally Recognised Core Labour

Standards in Jamaica: Report for the WTO General Council Review of the Trade

Policies of Jamaica. Geneva; January 18 and 20, 2011.

2. U.S. Embassy- Kingston. reporting, February 28, 2011.

3. U.S. Embassy- Kingston. reporting, February 20, 2013.

4. U.S. Department of State. “Jamaica,” in Country Reports on Human Rights

Practices- 2013. Washington, DC; Feburary 27, 2014; http://www.state.gov/j/drl/

rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220454.

5. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary.

Total. [accessed February 10, 2014]; http://www.uis.unesco.org/Pages/default.

aspx?SPSLanguage=EN. Data provided is the gross intake ratio to the last grade

of primary school. is measure is a proxy measure for primary completion.

For more information, please see the “Children’s Work and Education Statistics:

Sources and Deﬁnitions” section of this report.

6. UCW. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics from

National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from Multiple Indicator

Cluster Survey 3, 2006. Analysis received February 13, 2014. Reliable statistical

data on the worst forms of child labor are especially diﬃcult to collect given

the often hidden or illegal nature of the worst forms. As a result, statistics on

children’s work in general are reported in this chart, which may or may not

include the worst forms of child labor. For more information on sources used, the

deﬁnition of working children and other indicators used in this report, please see

the “Children’s Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Deﬁnitions” section of

this report.

7. Reynolds-Baker, A. “Gov’t Resolute on Reducing Child Labour.” jis.gov.jm

November 4, 2013 [cited January 17, 2014]; http://jis.gov.jm/govt-resolute-

reducing-child-labour/.

8. Weekley, K. “Child Labour in the Scrap-Metal Industry.” jamaica-gleaner.com

[online] June 1, 2011 [cited December 13, 2013]; http://jamaica-gleaner.com/

gleaner/20110601/lead/lead9.html.

9. U.S. Department of State. “Jamaica,” in Traﬃcking in Persons Report- 2011.

Washington, DC; June 27, 2011; http://www.state.gov/documents/

organization/164455.pdf.

10. U.S. Department of State. “Jamaica,” in Traﬃcking in Persons Report- 2013.

Washington DC; 2013; http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/210740.

pdf.

11. U.S. Embassy- Kingston. reporting, Februrary 20, 2014.

12. JIS News. “Jamaica Steps up to the Plate on Child Porn Issues.” jis.gov.jm

[online] July 25, 2009 [cited December 20, 2012]; http://www.jis.gov.jm/

news/109/20551?mode=redirect.

13. JIS News. “OCA Reports Convictions in Attempt to Sell Child Overseas.” jis.gov.

jm [online] March 8, 2011 [cited December 19, 2012]; http://www.jis.gov.jm/

news/117-headlines/27034?src=media.webstreams.

14. Hussey-Whyte, D. “Child Labour Horror - 16,000 Being Forced to Work in

Jamaica.” Jamaica Observer, Kingston, June 27, 2011; June 27, 2011. http://www.

jamaicaobserver.com/news/Child-labour-horror_9046350.

15. “More Parental Education Needed.” e Gleaner, Kingston, February 19, 2011.

http://go-jamaica.com/news/read_article.php?id=26626.

16. “Study: Inner-City Children Dangerously Caught in Border Divisions.” e

Jamaica Observer, Kingston, February 19, 2010. http://www.jamaicaobserver.

com/news/bodies-panos-fri-15_7433537.

17. Reid, T. “No Tracking System for Child Labourers.” e Gleaner, Kingston,

February 20, 2011. http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20110220/lead/lead5.

html.

18. U.S. Embassy- Kingston. reporting, January 24, 2014.

19. Government of Jamaica. Response to Report: Form 2012. Submitted in response

to U.S. Department of Labor Federal Register Notice (November 26, 2012)

“Request for information on Eﬀorts by Certain Counrties to Eliminate the Worst

Forms of Child Labor”. Kingston; September 2012.

20. Government of Jamaica. e Factories Act: e Docks (Safety, Health, and Welfare)

Regulations 1968, 315/69, enacted May 27, 1968. http://www.ilocarib.org.tt/

cariblex/jamaica_act4.shtml.

21. Government of Jamaica. e Factories Act: e Building Operations and Works of

Engineering Construction (Safety, Health, and Welfare) Regulations, 314/69, enacted

May 27, 1968. http://www.ilocarib.org.tt/cariblex/jamaica_act3.shtml.

22. Government of Jamaica. Mining Act, enacted October 13, 1947. http://moj.gov.

jm/sites/default/ﬁles/laws/Mining%20Act.pdf.

23. Governent of Jamaica. Traﬃcking in Persons (Prevention, Supression, and

Punishment) Act, enacted August 4, 1971. http://www.cda.gov.jm/sites/default/

ﬁles/content/Traﬃcking%20in%20Persons%20(Prevention,%20Suppresion%20

and%20Punishment)-1.pdf.

24. Government of Jamaica. Child Care and Protection Act of 2004, enacted 2004.

http://www.moj.gov.jm/laws/statutes/e%20Child%20Care%20and%20

Protection%20Act.pdf.

25. ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Direct Request concerning Worst Forms of

Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) Jamaica (ratiﬁcation: 2003) Submitted:

2011; accessed December 17, 2013; http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/pdconv.pl?h

ost=status01&textbase=iloeng&document=27072&chapter=9&query=%28Jamai

ca%29+%40ref&highlight=&querytype=bool&context=0.

26. Government of Jamaica. Response of the Government of Jamaica to the Findings

of the 2011 Report of the U.S. Department of Labour on the Worst Forms of Child

Labour Pertaining to Jamaica. Submitted in response to the U.S. Department

Jamaica

MODERATE ADVANCEMENT

2013 FINDINGS ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR

of Labor letter to the Embassy of Jamaica (December 14, 2012) “Request for

Information on Eﬀorts by Certain Countries to Eliminate the Worst Forms of

Child Labor”. Washington, DC; January 8, 2013.

27. Government of Jamaica. Cyber Crimes Act, enacted March 17, 2010. http://moj.

gov.jm/sites/default/ﬁles/laws/Cybercrimes%20Act.pdf.

28. Government of Jamaica. Sexual Oﬀences Act, Act 12, enacted 2009.

29. ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Observation concerning Worst Forms of

Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) Jamaica (ratiﬁcation: 2003) Published:

2011; accessed December 18, 2013; http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/pdconv.pl?h

ost=status01&textbase=iloeng&document=12707&chapter=6&query=%28Jamai

ca%29+%40ref&highlight=&querytype=bool&context=0.

30. Government of Jamaica. Report ﬁled with the ILO under Article 22 of the ILO

Constitution for the period ending August 31, 2012 in reference to the Worst Forms of

Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182)

Kingston; September 4, 2012. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11110:0:

:NO:11110:P11110_COUNTRY_ID:103236.

31. Government of Jamaica. Child Pornography (Prevention) Act, enacted October

21, 2009. http://www.japarliament.gov.jm/attachments/341_e%20Child%20

Pornography%20Act.pdf.

32. Child Soldiers International. “Appendix II: Data Summary Table on Recruitment

Ages of National Armies,” in Louder than Words: An Agenda for Action to End State

Use of Child Soldiers. London; 2012; http://www.child-soldiers.org/global_report_

reader.php?id=562.

33. Government of Jamaica. e Defence Act, enacted July 31, 1962. http://moj.gov.

jm/laws/defence-act.

34. Dunkley, A. “PASSED!-51 MPs Vote in Favour of Charter of Rights Bill.” e

Jamaica Observer, Kingston, March 23, 2011. http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/

news/PASSED-51-MPs-vote-in-favour-of-Charter-of-Rights-Bill_8569370.

35. ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Direct Request concerning Minimum Age

Convention, 1973 (No. 138) Jamaica (ratiﬁcation: 2003) Submitted: 2011; accessed

December 12, 2013; http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/pdconv.pl?host=status01&t

extbase=iloeng&document=26567&chapter=9&query=%28Jamaica%29+%40ref

&highlight=&querytype=bool&context=0.

36. ILO-IPEC. Jamaica: Child Labour Legislative Gap Analysis. Geneva; 2012 http://

www.ilo.org/ipec/projects/global/tackle/jamaica/WCMS_204258/lang--en/index.

htm.

37. ILO-IPEC. “Assessment of Implementation and Enforcement Machinery to

Combat Child Labour in Jamaica.” February 2010 [cited

38. Oﬃce of the Children’s Registry. e Mandate of the OCR, [online] [cited

December 19, 2013]; http://www.ocr.gov.jm/Mandate.html.

39. U.S. Embassy- Kingston. reporting, March 11, 2011.

40. UNICEF. Jamaica Child Protection Partners, UNICEF, [online] January 22, 2014

[cited 2014]; http://www.unicef.org/jamaica/partners_2061.htm.

41. Ministry of Justice. Combatting Traﬃcking of Persons in Jamaica, [online] [cited

January 21, 2014]; http://moj.gov.jm/stophumantraﬃcking.

42. Miller, B. “Government Committed to Eliminating Human Traﬃcking- Senator

Golding.” jis.gov.jm [online] February 3, 2014 [cited 2014]; http://jis.gov.jm/

government-committed-eliminating-human-traﬃcking-senator-golding/.

43. Oﬃce of the Children’s Registry. Child Abuse Reports: Statistical Bulletin.

Kingston; September 28, 2012. Report No. 3. http://www.ocr.gov.jm/index.htm.

44. Ministry of Education, Oﬃce of the Chief Education Oﬃcer. Compulsory

Education Policy: Career Advancement Programme. Kingston.

45. Robinson, L. “Draft National Plan of Action on Child Labour- Jamaica.” 2008

[cited

46. Caribbean 360. “Jamaica Plans to Amend Existing Human Traﬃcking

Legislation.” caribbean360.com [online] January 7, 2013 [cited February

27, 2013]; http://www.caribbean360.com/news/jamaica_news/654110.

html#axzz2M6aARxeU.

47. Inter-American Conference of Ministers of Labor. Proyecto de Declaración

de Medellín de 2013. [cited May 15, 2014 http://www.mintrabajo.gov.co/

noviembre-2013/2584-ministros-de-trabajo-de-america-le-dicen-si-a-pacto-por-la-

equidad-y-la-inclusion.html.

48. ILO-IPEC. Tackling Child Labour through Education in African, Caribbean and

the Paciﬁc (ACP) States (TACKLE), ILO, [online] February 27, 2014 [cited 2014];

http://www.ilo.org/ipec/projects/global/tackle/lang--en/index.htm.

49. ILO-IPEC. Tackle Child Labor through Education: Moving Children from Work to

School in 11 Countries. Geneva; June 2008. http://www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/

viewProduct.do?productId=8511.

50. JIS News. “Tackle Project Gets $25 Million to Combat Child Labour.” jis.gov.jm

[online] September 8, 2011 [cited December 20, 2013]; http://www.jis.gov.jm/

component/search/child%2Blabour/%252F?ordering=newest&searchphrase=exac

t&limit=128.

51. Government of Jamaica. Report ﬁled with the ILO under Article 22 of the ILO

Constitution for the period ending August 31, 2012 in reference to the Minimum

Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138). Kingston; September 4, 2012. http://www.

ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11110:0::NO:11110:P11110_COUNTRY_

ID:103236.

52. ILO-IPEC. Good Practices in Tackling Child Labour through Education: Selected

Examples from the IPEC TACKLE Project. Geneva; 2013. http://www.ilo.org/ipec/

Informationresources/WCMS_IPEC_PUB_22956/lang--en/index.htm.

53. ILO-IPEC. Child Labor Handbook for Professionals. Geneva; April 30, 2013.

http://www.ilo.org/ipec/Informationresources/WCMS_205920/lang--en/index.

htm.

54. Ministry of Labour and Social Security. PATH: What is PATH?, [online] [cited

February 27, 2014]; http://www.mlss.gov.jm/pub/index.php?artid=23.

55. Ministry of Labour and Social Security. PATH: Beneﬁciary Responsibilities,

Minister of Labour and Social Security, [online] [cited February 27, 2014]; http://

www.mlss.gov.jm/pub/index.php?artid=55.

56. Lamanna, F. Jamaica: Social Protection Project (PATH). Implementation Status and

Results Report. Washington, DC, e World Bank; October 15, 2012. Report

No. ISR8023. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/10/16830792/

jamaica-social-protection-project-p105024-implementation-status-results-report-

sequence-09.

57. ILO-IPEC. Global Research on Child Labor Measurement and Policy Development

(MAP). Geneva; 2014.

58. Government of Jamaica. Response of the Government of Jamaica to the Findings

of the 2013 Report of the US Department of Labour on the Worst Forms of Child

Labour Pertaining to Jamaica. Submitted in response to the U.S. Department

of Labor letter to the Embassy of Jamaica (December 3, 2013) “Request for

Information on Eﬀorts by Certain Countries to Eliminate the Worst Forms of

Child Labor”. Washington, DC; March 10, 2014.