Engineering-Report-Guide.pdf

Approved by ARC: September 11, 2020

Engineering Report Guide

Page

1. General Remarks

2. Submissions Instructions

3. Preparing an Engineering Report Synopsis

4. Preparing an Engineering Report

5. Grading of an Engineering Report

Appendix – Engineering Report Preparation Instructions

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Engineering Report Guidelines

1. General Remarks

For applicants seeking registration by Professional Engineers Ontario through the examination route, the

presentation of a report involving an engineering problem is normally the final academic requirement. The

purpose of the report is to demonstrate to the Academic Requirements Committee the applicant’s ability to

define a proposition, to develop it logically and accurately, to apply engineering principles to its solution and

to draw conclusions or make recommendations from the study. This is embodied in a document which must

be guaranteed as an original work of the author, and which must be an acceptable professional report.

The first step in preparing a report and perhaps the most difficult, but rather essential part, is to establish the

report’s objectives. The objective may be a statement of truth to be demonstrated, or an operation to be

performed. The operation may be concerned with existing equipment, or with design of new equipment.

The report itself need not prove originality of ideas, but the applicants must demonstrate their ability to

appreciate, present, differentiate between, and draw conclusions from observations and ideas, in an integrated

operation.

Reasonable modifications of the definition of a report will be accepted. Discussion and judgement of opposed

theories or methods, or a discussion of the practicality of its application, may be accepted. However, the

coverage of the particular subject available in textbooks will not normally be considered to satisfy the

requirements of a report. It is the current state of the art, the novel, or the contentious characteristics, that is

expected to be explored in the report.

2. Submission Instructions

A. Engineering Report Synopsis: The Synopsis for the Engineering Report must be submitted for the

approval of the Academic Requirements Committee before the applicant may proceed with the

Engineering Report. The Synopsis must be submitted by email to the applicant’s assigned Admissions

Representative.

B. Engineering Report: After the Synopsis has been approved and the report has been written, a printed

version of the Engineering Report with a cheque or money order for the Engineering Report fee must

be mailed to the applicant’s assigned Admissions Representative. In addition, the applicant must email

a copy of their Engineering Report to their assigned Admissions Representative. Please ensure that the

assigned Admissions Representative receives the hard-copy and soft-copy reports by the assigned

deadline.

3. Preparing an Engineering Report Synopsis

The Synopsis must be submitted for the approval of the Academic Requirements Committee before the

applicant may proceed with the Report. The Synopsis should contain: The Title of the Report, the Abstract,

which is then followed by a preliminary Table of Contents.

1. The Title should define closely the field of knowledge or practice with which the author has concern,

and describe what the work reported is about. Titles should be concise, descriptive and specific

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(maximum 15 words). Do not use abbreviations in titles. A subtitle is generally not required but may

be used to clarify the objective. The Title page format is similar to the Engineering Report’s title page

and must include the Statement of Originality per the Engineering Report Preparation (see Appendix).

2. The Abstract should not be longer than two pages (400 words). It must convince the Academic

Requirements Committee that the applicant can develop a proposition which will demonstrate ability

to survey the field, analyze data, and draw conclusions. It should include: i) a clear statement of the

objectives and expected outcomes, ii) an indication of the engineering principles that may be applied,

iii) a concise description of the actual investigation undertaken, and the methodology used.

3. The Table of Contents should be a concise preliminary table of contents which conforms to the

sample format in the Engineering Report Preparation (Appendix).

4. Preparing an Engineering Report

The Engineering Report should be typed, one and half or double spaced, on one side of 8 ½” X 11” bond paper.

The document should be properly bound. While no rigid rules of format are specified, it is recommended that

one or more of the numerous books on technical reports be consulted.

Normally, a final document would contain:

a) a title page and date;

b) a signed declaration of authorship;

c) a table of contents;

d) a summary of the report and conclusions;

e) the body of the report, suitably subdivided;

f) a list of the technical literature cited;

g) a list of acknowledgements and sources of information.

The length of the report will depend on the topic developed but it is suggested that it be about 5,000 words or

twenty-five typewritten pages (not including tables and graphs).

Diagrams, illustrations, etc. should be clearly and properly identified. It is preferable to locate graphs,

diagrams, etc. necessary for the understanding of the text at the place where reference to them is made.

5. Grading of an Engineering Report

Submitted reports are examined by persons, usually professional engineers, who are recognized authorities in

the area of engineering to which the report applies. While these examiners may use their own rating scheme,

PEO suggests the following aspects of the report be examined and graded:

a) Introduction, Objective: Statement of the problem, clarification of the need and requirements.

b) Approach and Methods: Critical literature review; Engineering concepts and theories; Methods,

models and tools.

c) Analysis, Synthesis, Testing, Design: Use of modern concepts and methods for data gathering, testing,

analysis and synthesis; testing and validation; results interpretation; appropriateness of

inference/deductions.

d) Results and Conclusions: Critical evaluation of results, Recommendations and conclusions

e) Technical Writing and General Organization: Technical writing (grammar, spelling, clarity), cover

page and nomenclature, Figures, Illustrations, Tables, Abstract and Table of Contents, References and

Appendices.

Please note that the final pass mark is 50 percent.

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Appendix

Engineering Report Preparation Instructions

1. Introduction

The purpose of this document is to provide some guidelines for the preparation of engineering

reports.

Applicants should follow the format and instructions given in the PEO “Engineering Report Guidelines”

and this document.

The PDF (portable document format) file of the report (a single PDF file) should be submitted for review. The

size of PDF file should not exceed 10Mb.

2. General Recommendations

Binding: The final reports should be bound in a professional manner, e.g., spiral binding. Simply stapling

the pages or using a three-ring binder is not

acceptable.

Typing

: Applicants are expected to type the report in a word processor using

either double or 1.5 spacing

for the text. Footnotes may be single

spaced. Printing can be on either one side or both sides of the page.

Paper: Standard 8 ½ ″ x 11″ (letter size) white bond paper should be used for all text, diagrams, figures,

tables, etc.

Oversized Pages: If it is necessary to include a table or illustration that is larger than the standard

letter

size

paper, it may be folded carefully into the report. In that case, the oversize page should be unfolded easily

after binding.

Typeface (Font): The entire report should be in the same type style. Standard Serif style typefaces such as

Times New Roman are recommended. A font size in the range of 11 to 12 points (or 11 to 12 characters per

inch) is recommended.

Margins: At least a 1inch margin from the left-hand, right-hand, top and bottom edges of

the paper is

recommended. To allow for some types of binding, it may be advisable to increase the left-hand margin

to 1½

inches. These margins should be applied to the text and all illustrative material. Justified text should be used

in the report.

Paragraph Structure: To improve readability, it may be preferred to leave an additional line space between

paragraphs. Depending on the style preferred, the author may choose not to use an additional line space

between paragraphs, but it should be consistent throughout the report.

Equations: Equations should be typed and enumerated sequentially in parentheses so that they can be

referenced in the text. For example

maf 

(1)

where

and

are respectively the force, mass, and acceleration as given in equation (1).

Equations should not be forward referenced, and should not be referred to as “equation given below” or

“equation given above”. All parameters and symbols must be defined when they are used in the text/equation

for the first time.

A typical engineering textbook may be consulted to see how it is done.

In addition, all

parameters and symbols should be defined i

n the nomenclature.

Errors and Corrections: The report should be free of spelling, grammatical and technical

errors. Careful

proofreading is essential. If an error is found after the report is printed and bound, it is acceptable to submit

a loose sheet of "Errata".

Spelling: Canadian spelling of words should be used throughout the report.

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Units: The use of the International System of Units (SI, metric units) is preferred. If desired, a quantity may

appear with the equivalent British units in parentheses following the SI value, e.g., 746 W

(0.707 BTU).

It should be noted that meter and millimeter are SI units while centimeter and decimeter are

not. Units should be included in tables and graphs. Data are meaningless without the

appropriate units.

Mixed unit systems or non-SI unit systems should be avoided in the report.

Writing Style: The report should be logically structured. Emphasis should be placed on clarity.

An overly

technical document is not preferred at the Bachelor of Engineering degree level of report. Meanings can

usually be conveyed more

powerfully in simple terms.

Technical reports should be written in the third person. For example, it is improper to write (in

the first person):

"I (or we) measured the water temperature using a thermocouple." Instead, one should

write, "The water

temperature was measured using a thermocouple."

3. Illustrative Material

All

figures, diagrams, photographs, and graphs (and tables) must be included in the List of Figures (and List

of Tables). All figures (and Tables) must be referenced in the text; otherwise there is no point to include the

information in the report. The resolution of figures, tables, pictures and all bitmapped elements should be high

enough so that each element is legible.

Figures: The term "figure" applies to diagrams, graphs, charts, engineering drawings and photographs. All

figures should be numbered and have a descriptive caption, centred below the figure. Figures taken directly

from another source must be fully referenced. Figures that are adapted for this report should be

referenced as

follows: "...after Smith and Jones (1992)" or “… [1]” depending on which format is used for citing references.

Tables: All tables should be enumerated and have a descriptive caption. Caption should be relatively short,

possible, and be centered above the table between the margins. Footnotes can be used

to point out details of a

column of data or an individual item in the table, e.g., refer to Table 1.

Placement of Figures and Tables: Each figure/table should be included on the same page or the page

immediately following the page on which it is first referenced. If this is not possible, it should be placed as

close as possible after the reference to the figure/table.

Table 1. Sample table caption.

Reading No.

Calibration Pressure

(kPa)

Gauge Pressure

(kPa)

Temperature

(K)

100.10

99.90

298.50

50.00

40.00

300.00

0.01

0.04

305.11

60.50

55.50

400.11

Footnote for a table

Data outside of calibration zone

4. Structure of the Engineering Report

As shown in the sample Table of Contents (refer to Section 6), the recommended order for the sections of a

technical report is as follows:



Title Page



Statement of Originality

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 Acknowledgements



Abstract



Table of Contents



List of Figures



List of Tables

 Nomenclature



Body of Technical Report



References

 Appendices

Title Page: The title must be meaningful and a concise description of the content of the report (maximum of

15 words for report title). The

required format for the title page is given in Section 6.

Statement of Originality and Intellectual Property Clearance

: The report is regarded as the author’s

work. Any published (or unpublished) ideas and/or techniques from the work of others must be

acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. A statement on the intellectual

property clearance must be included, if applicable. If the report is related to a company’s project, the

company’s approval should be acknowledged.

Acknowledgements

: Acknowledgements should be written in the third person, i.e., "The author would

like to thank . .

Abstract: The abstract is a concise summary of the report that will enable a reader to decide whether or not to

read the complete work. The abstract should contain a description of the problem, the methodology used to

solve the problem, a summary of the results, and a brief conclusion. The abstract should be written such that

the content of the report can be understood without having to read the core body of the report. This means that

undefined terms, or symbols, as well as specific references to any part of the report must not be included in the

abstract. Normally, an abstract does not exceed 250 words, or one page of text. Often it is best to write the

abstract last, when a clear overview of the entire report is available.

Table of Contents: The table of contents is a list of the sections or chapters of the technical report with

references to pages of the sections or chapters, refer to Section 6 for an example of a table of contents.

List of Figures and List of Tables: All figures and tables must be listed; refer to Section 6

for the

recommended format.

Nomenclature: The nomenclature defines the parameters, symbols and acronyms used in the report.

Standardized symbols should be used whenever possible. The parameters should be listed in alphabetical

order, lower case followed by upper

case. A separate heading is required for symbols, characters and

acronyms. A sample nomenclature is included in Section 6.

Structure of Engineering Report: Chapter headings and the structure of the body of the report will depend

on the nature of the report. The chapter/section headings shown in the sample Table of Contents (refer to

Section 6) are given as an example only. Although the chapter/section headings will depend on the nature of

each report, typically the body of the report should include the following as appropriate.

i. A general introduction to the problem being addressed should give the

motivation for the current work

and the approach being taken, i.e., experimental, theoretical or

numerical approach to find a solution

to the problem. The introduction should also include an objective statement, clearly indicating the

scope

of the work of the technical report.

ii. A literature review is a critical evaluation of previously published information directly related to the

engineering report. This will include available information found in textbooks, journal

papers,

magazine articles, theses, conference proceedings, peer-reviewed technical reports, etc. The literature

review should inform the reader of the current state-of-the-art of the topics and convince the readers

of the need for the current work.

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iii. Description of experimental apparatus and procedures is essential. Depending on the nature of the work,

descriptions of the apparatus and/or design procedures may appear as a separate chapter/section.

Sufficient

information should be given to enable interested scholars with similar knowledge to duplicate

the reported work.

This requires clear, detailed descriptions of the apparatus and procedures. In

addition, the technical aspect of the work and justification of the applied engineering principles should

be focused on; with a concise discussion of what is done, how it is done and why.

iv. Theoretical derivations of equations from fundamental engineering principles relevant to the report are

mandatory to ensure originality of the technical aspects of the work.

v. Presentation, discussion and interpretation of the results are parts of the report writing process.

vi. Summary of the main conclusions and recommendations is required in the finished work. The conclusions

must be based on the

evidence and findings presented and must be related to the stated objective of

the report. New ideas should not be introduced in the conclusions. Depending on the nature of the

report, the recommendations stemming from the report may include such items as:

• Actions to be taken based on the findings.

•

Methods to improve the results.

• Related areas for future study, i.e., useful extensions of the project.

Numbering of Chapters/Sections: It is recommended that chapters/sections/subsections be numbered using

the decimal numbering scheme shown in the sample Table of Contents (refer to Section 6). For example, in

this Table of Contents, the first section of Chapter/Section 2 is 2.1 Experimental Apparatus. The subsections

of Section 2.1 that

relate directly to the details of the experimental apparatus are numbered 2.1.1 and 2.1.2.

Appendices: To keep the main body of the report concise and readable, some information needed for the

completeness of the report may be put in an appendix. Examples of information which may be

included in

appendices are: ·



Supporting material that is not central (or essential) to the report.



Lengthy material that would break the flow of the document (e.g. a long mathematical derivation

that is not central to the topic).



Tabulated data for graphs in the main body of report.



Detailed sample calculations (e.g., design calculations).



Flowchart of simulation and/or numerical computational codes.

References

: When drawing information from a textbook, article, report, letter or even a

conversation,

it is essential to acknowledge the authors and/or source. This is done using a citation in the

text that refers

to a source listed in the "References" section. Information presented without a

citation will be attributed

to the author. Hence, failure to adequately cite the sources where the information comes from constitutes

plagiarism.

The style used for citing references varies greatly depending on the specific field. A journal appropriate to the

topic could be referred to in order to adopt a method and use it throughout the report. Alternatively, one

of the

following procedures may be used:

Citation Method 1: In the text, the publication is referenced using the last name(s) of the author(s). The year

of publication is inserted in parentheses immediately following the names of authors. Two

xamples of

usage for this method are:

The effect of forces on the free vibration of thin plates was studied by Nakamura

and Smith

(1991). This study showed that

...

Long ago, it was suggested the adequate heat removal may be the limiting factor in the

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development of future high speed circuits (lncropera, 1988).

If there are more than two authors for a single publication, the last name of the first author is followed by

"et al." to signify the remaining authors. For example:

In a recent study, Jones et al. (2017) conducted experiments on ...

In the "References" section, the full citation with all of the authors is listed in

alphabetical order by the

last name of the first author. The following are examples using the Harvard reference style:

Book

Waldron, K.J., Kinzel, G.L. and Agrawal, S.K., 2016. Kinematics, dynamics, and design of machinery.

John Wiley & Sons.

Periodical

Notash, L., 2017. Wrench Accuracy for Parallel Manipulators and Interval Dependency. Journal of

Mechanisms and Robotics, 9(1), p.011008.

Paper in the proceedings of a conference:

ElMaraghy, H., Schuh, G., ElMaraghy, W., Piller, F., Schönsleben, P., Tseng, M. and Bernard, A.,

2013. Product variety management. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 62(2), pp.629-652.

Patent

Szabados, B. and Dableh, R., Cooper Technologies Company, 2017. Methods and systems for

controlling addressable lighting units. U.S. Patent 9,538,625.

Report

Tarasuk, J.D., 1968, The Theory, Design and Operation of Mach-Zehnder Interferometer, Technical

Report C-3, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan

Personal conversation:

Clark, J.A, Ontario Hydro, Toronto, Ontario, Private Communication on

December 11, 1993.

Online source:

Wikipedia – The Free Encyclopedia, Calibration, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibration, accessed

June 24, 2017.

Citation Method 2: In the text, each publication is referred to using an Arabic numeral in brackets. Three

examples of usage for this method are as follows:

The effect of forces on the free vibration of thin plates was widely studied [1,2]. These studies

showed that ...

Long ago, it was suggested the adequate heat removal may be the limiting factor in the

development

of future high speed circuits [3].

Ina recent study, Jones et al. [5] conducted experiments on...

In the "References" section, each publication is listed and enumerated sequentially in the order in which

they

are referenced in the body of report. For books, journal papers, personal conversations, etc., the same

style as given in Citation Method 1 is used.

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Page Numbering: The preliminary section (see Section 6) should be numbered using lower

Roman

numerals at the bottom centre of the page. Pagination begins with the Acknowledgements as page number

ii. The title page is page i, but it is not numbered. Starting with the introductory chapter/section,

the

remainder of the report is numbered with Arabic numerals beginning with 1 and running

consecutively

to the end of report. Every page in the report must be numbered.

5. Recommended Further Reading

There are several excellent books which focus on Technical Communication. A partial list is given

below

to supplement this guide. Some of these books contain additional information regarding grammar, style

and language usage for

technical reports.

1. Ewald, T., 2014. Writing in the Technical Fields: A Practical Guide, 14th Edition, Oxford University

Press, ISBN 13: 978-0-19-544908-2.

2. Hart, H., 2009. Engineering Communication, 2

Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, ISBN 13: 978-0-13-

604420-8.

3. Irish, R. and Weiss, P., 2013. Engineering Communication: From Principles to Practice, 2nd Edition,

Oxford University Press, ISBN 13: 978-0-19-544692-0.

4. Lannon, J. M., Gurak, L.J. and Klepp. D., 2015. Technical Communications, 6th Canadian Edition,

Pearson Education Canada, ISBN 13: 978-0-205-92584-1.

Care should be

taken to follow the specific instructions for the preparation of technical reports given in this

guide. It is recommended to consult a couple of engineering technical reports or graduate theses in a public or

university library.

6. Engineering Report Sample

To illustrate the recommended style and format of the Engineering Report, a sample Title Page, Table of

Contents, List

of Figures, List of Tables and Nomenclature are included in the following pages.

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Title of Engineering Report

First Name Last Name of Author

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the PEO Engineering Report

Date: September 1, 2020

Statement of Originality: I hereby certify that all the work described within this report is the original

work of the author. Any published (or unpublished) ideas and/or techniques from the work of others

are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices, and I have obtained

the necessary permissions from the company to submit this report.

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Table of Contents

Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... i

Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... ii

Intellectual Property Clearance .................................................................................................................... iii

Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................ iv

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... v

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................... vi

Nomencluture .............................................................................................................................................. vii

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 General Approach to Problem ................................................................................................................. 4

1.3 Literature Review .................................................................................................................................... 7

1.4 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................. 15

Chapter 2 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT AND PROCEDURE ................................................................... 17

2.1 Experimental Apparatus ........................................................................................................................ 17

2.2 Calibration Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 20

2.2.1 Mathematical Model ............................................................................................................. 24

2.2.2 Calibration Procedure ........................................................................................................... 28

2.3 Data Collection ..................................................................................................................................... 32

Chapter 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................ 35

3.1 Effect of Measurement Error and Noise ............................................................................................... 35

3.2 Verification of Calibration Results ....................................................................................................... 41

Chapter 4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................... 48

4.1 Summary and Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 48

4.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................................................. 52

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 55

Appendix A Sample Calculations ............................................................................................................... 58

Appendix B Tabulated data for Figure 3.2 ................................................................................................. 60

Appendix C Flowchart for Simulation Code .............................................................................................. 62

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List of Figures

Figure 1.1. Calibration apparatus [5]. .............................................................................................. 3

Figure 2.1. Parameters of device. ................................................................................................... 25

Figure 3.1. Flowchart of the proposed calibration procedure ........................................................ 30

Figure 3.2. Verification of calibrated device ................................................................................. 42

List of Tables

Table 2.1. Commonly used calibration error functions. ................................................................. 25

Table 3.1. Root-mean-square of cost function before calibration. ................................................. 45

Table 3.2. Root-mean-square of cost function after calibration ..................................................... 46

Nomenclature

Parameters:





,



Force applied on the apparatus in X- and Y-directions



Force vector in the chosen coordinate system





   identity matrix





Moment applied on the apparatus about Z-direction



Mass center of workpiece



Position vector of mass center of workpiece in the chosen coordinate system





, 



Translational velocity of mass center of workpiece in X- and Y-directions



Translational velocity vector of the mass center of workpiece



Weighting matrix



Orientation of workpiece in the chosen coordinate system



Angular velocity of workpiece



Angular velocity vector of workpiece in the chosen coordinate system

Superscripts:



Transposed



Ordinary inverse

Symbols:









2-norm



Partial derivative

Acronyms:

DOF

Degree of freedom

FBD

Free-body diagram